Communicable diseases surveillance

National Wastewater Surveillance Program

Starting in the latter half of 2025, the National Wastewater Surveillance Program will test wastewater from sentinel sites across Australia to detect and monitor priority diseases, such as COVID-19 and influenza. This will help us assess risk and be ready for future public health threats.

About the program

People infected with communicable diseases can shed the virus when they:

  • use the toilet
  • shower
  • wash their hands
  • wash clothing.

The program will involve:

  • collecting and testing samples of wastewater in sentinel sites across Australia for selected viruses
  • analysing results
  • publishing national results in an interactive dashboard.

We will routinely monitor national priority viruses that have the potential to become a pandemic or epidemic, such as: 

We will be able to adjust the program to monitor and test for other emerging and re-emerging pathogens, such as:

This work will help us quickly detect potential threats and take action. 

Sentinel sites

We are working with the state and territory governments to select sentinel sites that ensure effective national surveillance because of their: 

  • population size
  • potential for disease incursion (such as airports)
  • potential to detect any early spread and rise in infections.

Impact

Wastewater surveillance can detect diseases in a community, regardless of whether people:

  • show symptoms
  • access health care
  • get tested
  • report test results.

It is a non-intrusive and anonymous method of monitoring diseases, which provides valuable, early information without identifying individuals.

It provides us with an early warning for potential health threats, such as: 

  • emerging diseases 
  • rises or falls in infections
  • new variants or strains of concern
  • changes in dominant variants.

This enables all levels of government to: 

  • forecast and model disease trends and potential demand on our health system 
  • plan for resource allocations, such as hospital beds, staffing and intensive care unit occupancy
  • make decisions about whether to take action, what action to take and where to take action
  • evaluate whether public health actions – such as vaccination programs – are working.

Incorporating wastewater surveillance into our system was a key recommendation of the COVID-19 Response Inquiry for immediate action.

Role of the CDC

We are working with the state and territory governments to design an effective program that meets our collective needs. 

This includes selecting sentinel sites and priority diseases for monitoring.

We will implement and manage the program, including: 

  • governing the program, in consultation with the state and territory governments
  • analysing and interpreting national level data
  • regularly evaluating and reviewing the program.

The program will initially run for 3 years. We will evaluate it regularly to help determine whether it is effective and should continue.

Related programs

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